What are the costs of political toxicity for women politicians? And how do they differ from the effects of toxicity on men?
CAWP Research Translation of: Eady, Gregory, and Anne Rasmussen. 2025. “Gendered Perceptions and the Costs of Political Toxicity: Experimental Evidence from Politicians and Citizens in Four Democracies.” American Political Science Review 119(3): 1446-1462.
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Additional Resources:
Herrick, Rebekah, Sue Thomas, Lori Franklin, Marcia L. Godwin, Eveline Gnabasik, and Jean Reith Schroedel. 2021. “Physical Violence and Psychological Abuse Against Female and Male Mayors in the United States.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 9 (4): 681–98.
Herrick, Rebekah, and Sue Thomas. 2023. "An Intersectional Exploration of Psychological Violence, Threats, and Physical Violence of Mayors in 2021." American Politics Research 52 (3): 264–78.
Ramachandran, Gowri, Chisun Lee, Maya Kornberg, Kimberly Peeler-Allen, Ruby Edlin, Julia Fishman, Jiyoon Park, and Grady Yuthok Short. 2024. Intimidation of State and Local Officeholders: The Threat to Democracy. Brennan Center for Justice, New York University School of Law, New York, NY.
For overviews of research on women in U.S. politics, see CAWP's Research Inventory on Gender & Politics.
